Discuss and Examine the Free movement of Lawyers to provide services Assignment

Talk about and Examine the Free development of Lawyers to offer types of assistance and build up a training in another Member State of the Eur - Assignment Example Heremans (2010) showed that by endorsing a few laws the EU’s activities are outfitted towards coordinating the national frameworks for legitimate practice inside its ward. This paper is planned for surveying the structures managing the lawful practice inside the bigger European Union. The primary difficulties confronting the guidelines and the ramifications of legitimate practice inside the region are additionally canvassed in this paper. In understanding these issues, the paper examinations the Treaty whereupon the European Union is tied down, EU Directives on lawful practices inside the district, and specialists gave by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). This paper centers around development of lawful experts inside the European Union to offer types of assistance. History of EU Regulations Hill (1995) noticed that the foundation of the legal structures for lawful practice inside the EU is a procedure that has gone on for a long time. The issue previously emerged in 1957 wh en different nations inside the district marked the EU Treaty (Hill, 1995). The then Article 59 accommodated the opportunity to lawful practice inside the domain. ... Article 50 additionally expresses that without prejudice precisely and soul of Article 43, which presents upon EU residents the privilege of foundation, a legitimate expert may quickly render benefits in another nation where the customer is based, under the national lawful structures of the spot of administration. Article 43 spreads real completing of financial movement in various EU Member States everlastingly by incorporating into the monetary arrangement of that state (Tucker, 1997). Despite its binding together establishment, Giesen (2005) has noticed that the EU Treaty is just the widespread legitimate structure managing the free development of individuals and administrations across states inside the EU and misses the mark concerning giving the better subtleties of administration arrangement. Considering the EU legitimate limits, the conjuring of the opportunity of foundation is reliant upon auxiliary laws, which are passed to supplement EU guideline of administration arrangemen t specifically handle (Hill, 1995). ECJ Authorities at the outset, the issue of whether a legitimate practice should have been barred from the all inclusive liberal provisos supporting opportunity to offer administrations and the foundation of one’s self was argumentative (Hill, 1995). Eminently, the EC Treaty accommodates exemptions just where opportunity to render benefits and build up oneself may affect execution of national government strategy (Giesen, 2005). In any case, Guild (1999) noticed that the exercises of legitimate experts make little difference to the execution of government strategy. In light these ambiguities the ECJ has conveyed milestone decisions for financial joining. Past decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) have been basic in putting aside the legitimate blocks forced by part states on people who are eager to make the most of their entitlement to

Pride and Prejudice Essays

Pride and Prejudice Essays Pride and Prejudice Essay Pride and Prejudice Essay ‘Introduction to â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, (1996) London: Penguin). This lead to much disarray among pundits as to precisely what Austen’s sees with respect to marriage and woman's rights were, and as a rule keeps on doing so today. In this paper I will endeavor to clear up a portion of this equivocalness, while intently looking at the possibility of marriage itself, the nature of the ‘social contract’, and the social and authentic foundation to the possibility of marriage as an implicit understanding In ‘The Sadeian Woman’, Angela Carter expresses that â€Å"The marriage bed is an especially deceptive asylum from the world, since all spouses of need fuck by contract† (Carter, Angela, ‘The Sadeian Woman’, pg. 9, (1978) ). Shockingly for Ms. Elizabeth Bennet, it can't be denied that she is a â€Å"wife of necessity†. Viably excluded through the fine print of their father’s will, the Bennet young ladies and their hypochondriac mother are to get poverty stricken on the demise of Mr. Bennet, except if they can get themselves a rich spouse. Elizabeth’s beginning dissatisfaction with Mr. Darcy and his pride appears to experience an extreme change on her visit to Pemberley, Darcy’s familial home, as she herself concedes †while examining with her sister the advancement of her feeling’s for Mr. Darcy, she states â€Å"I trust it must date from my first observing his delightful grounds at Pemberley† (p301). Certain pundits have accordingly asserted that Elizabeth Bennet is hired fighter in her purposes behind union with Mr. Darcy. This obviously gold-burrowing conduct would recommend an endeavor by Elizabeth not exclusively to hold, yet additionally to improve, her class status, and along these lines to fall in accordance with provincial conventionalism as spread out in Edmund Burke’s ‘Reflections on the Revolution in France’. As Elizabeth Bennet is Austen’s courageous woman, and along these lines a character of whom she composes well, it could be assumed that Austen’s demeanor towards marriage, and the situation of ladies in the public arena, recorded as a hard copy this book was one of customary country conservatism. In any case, before we can acknowledge this speculation, we should review that Elizabeth has just turned down two wealthy potential spouses †one of them being Mr. Darcy himself! †trying to wait for genuine romance and individual satisfaction. Her nauseate at the proposition of the inconceivably exhausting and discourteous Mr. Collins was outperformed distinctly by her stun at finding that her closest companion, Charlotte Lucas, had agreed to wed him. Brazenly soldier of fortune, Ms. Lucas pronounces that marriage is a woman’s â€Å"pleasantest additive from want† however that it is â€Å"uncertain of giving happiness† (p. 03) (Jones, V. , and so on). Elizabeth, then again, cases to have faith in marriage for adoration, and holds her own individual satisfaction as an individual objective. This depiction of the courageous woman as an animal of feeling and feeling, rather than a balanced, coherent and marginally increasingly manly figure, would accept Aust en to be supportive of the hypotheses of such women's activist scholars of the time as Mary Wollstonecraft †a steadfast opposer of the compositions of Edmund Burke. What, at that point, is Austen’s position towards marriage as observed in ‘Pride and Prejudice’? Is it accurate to say that she is a sentimental women's activist or a country conventionalist? My own conviction is that Austen is neither †I would recommend that she, actually, figures out how to arrive at a glad trade off between the two. Austen plainly acclaims Elizabeth Bennet’s Wollstonecraftian conduct in surging over the wide open to Netherfield to deal with her sister Jane in her ailment as she portrays Elizabeth’s appearance a short time later in entirely positive terms, and features how it adds to Darcy’s developing appreciation for her, referencing â€Å"the brilliancy which exercise had given to her complexion† (p. 0). In any case, it is likewise evident that Austen is on the side of the customary Burkean idea of family and marriage, as the novel gets done with both Jane and Elizabeth cheerfully and prosperously wedded to men who are their social betters. The two ladies wed above themselves and secure money related and social strength for both themselves and their families, subsequently falling in accordance with what might have been anticipated from all around raised youthful country women. Austen’s accomplishment recorded as a hard copy ‘Pride and Prejudice’ was, accordingly, to show that Wollstonecraftian womanliness could exist close by and inside the rustic conventionalist goals of Edmund Burke. Marriage in the hour of Jane Austen was neither a strict holy observance (as the dominating English religion of the time, and Austen’s religion, Anglicanism, didn't see marriage as a ceremony) nor an image of sentimental love. In Enlightenment England, marriage was fairly a need, a definitive point of all self-regarding young ladies. Ladies were, from birth, prepared for their inescapable last situation as a mother, spouse, cook, and family unit head. Instruction was not tied in with tutoring in the ways and information on the world, but instead the procurement of a rich store of ‘accomplishments’ †painting, melodic ability, singing, weaving basically the attractive aptitudes of an alluring, and socially good, spouse. In addition to the fact that marriage was relied upon by men to be the longing all things considered, however it was likewise, truth be told, an unfortunate chore. Ladies wedded to make sure about their status in the public arena and regularly to improve their social standing, or ‘move up a rung’ in the all-overrunning class progression of the period. ‘Pride And Prejudice’ was no special case to this standard. Take the most clear instances of Elizabeth and Jane Bennet. On a first look, these ladies wed for affection and for joy †‘Pride And Prejudice’ is plainly a great romance book. Notwithstanding, continually percolating endlessly as a second thought is the obvious truth of the Bennets’ looming impoverishment, should they neglect to make sure about rich spouses. Viably excluded by the fine print of their father’s will, the eventual fate of their entire family is marked on their selection of admirers, since they have arrived at eligible age †as is reflected successfully by Mrs. Bennet’s neuroticism! Beside the individual challenges of the Bennet family, there lies out of sight of ‘Pride And Prejudice’ the troubling chronicled truth of the time. 1790’s England was a period of â€Å"political emergency and social mobility† (Jones, V. and so forth), when the strength and influence of the rustic decision class was compromised by the upwardly portable ‘nouveau riche’ dealer class and the undeniably frank and requesting regular workers. Marriage, family †these were viewed as social organizations, customs basic for the conservation of the incomparability of the decision nobility that the Darcys, the Bingleys, and to a lesser degree the Bennets. Marriage was, for the individuals from thi s class, a methods for safeguarding their social position, securing the uprightness of the class structure, and maintaining the provincial conventions fundamental for their endurance. At the point when we state then that marriage in Jane Austen’s ‘Pride And Prejudice’ can be seen just like a sort of implicit understanding, we mean to the extent that it empowered the ladies of an opportunity to hoard fortune and social regard, and permitted their men to secure the decision culture which was undermined as of now by outside political impacts. Marriage was a commonly gainful understanding between the man and the lady †in return for the woman’s legacy (assuming any), body, and the social decency and backing of the rustic customs that ownership of a ‘accomplished’ spouse offered, the man gave money related help and economic wellbeing. This prompts charges of marriage being likened to â€Å"legal prostitution† (Wollstonecraft, Mary: A Vindication of The Rights of Woman) †ladies were seen by some as selling their bodies for cultural improvement. Mr. Darcy is normally the object of the hired fighter wants of the ladies of Pemberley, as he is reputed to be in receipt of a fortune of ten thousand pounds every year †it has been said by certain pundits that Elizabeth Bennet just falls prey to these hired soldier wants, and takes part in a marriage as an implicit understanding, blaming sentimental love, not an explanation, for solidarity with Darcy. I should differ †I feel this contention has a basic defect, to the extent that Elizabeth not just turns down Darcy at his first proposition, while being completely mindful of his wealth (albeit maybe not yet went up against with all the magnificence of Pemberley), yet in addition rejects the advances of the wealthy, yet exceedingly exhausting, Mr. Collins. In the event that Elizabeth Bennet were simply soldier of fortune in her structures, why at that point would she turn down two clearly appropriate matches trying to wait for her objective of individual joy? How at that point would we be able to sum up the perspective on marriage as an implicit understanding in ‘Pride And Prejudice’? Right off the bat, I think note that Austen didn't decide to compose a women's activist content, decrying the conjugal and sentimental conventions of the decision class. Her champion, Elizabeth Bennet, does at long last settle down with a man who might have been seen in anybody’s eyes just like a generally appropriate and socially worthy counterpart for her. Darcy gives riches, regard, security, and a raised situation in the public eye †which were all the most alluring qualities for a planned spouse of the period. Be that as it may, the novel isn't completely traditi

New Decade, New Me

New Decade, New Me Some Reflections Its been a long decade. When the 2010s started, I was ten, and I was in fifth grade, and now I am twenty, and I am in roughly fifteenth grade. A lot has changed, but some things remain the same. In many ways, I am now, since coming to MIT, more like my fifth grade self than my high school self. Its hard to tell if this is because of MIT, or because I left my high school, or because I am officially no longer an angsty teen. Its been a long year. I changed majors, I started and then left a UROP, I worked all summer, I won a medal at Head of the Charles, I became a blogger, and I started and completed Unified Engineering. Its been a long semester. I had to take four course 16 classes, and I did it. My grades arent in yet, but I think I did it. At the start of  this semester, I set some goals/rules/guidelines for myself. I didnt stick to them, exactly. I slept enough, but I wish I had cooked more. I did laundry, but my room was a mess. I went to class, but I could have and should have attended more office hours. I took a night or two off almost every week, but I wish I had been able to be more spontaneous with my time and generous to my friends. I think thats my greatest mistake of the fall, and of 2019; I regret the dates I was too tired to go on, the team dinners I didnt attend, the field hockey games and a cappella concerts where I missed cheering on my friends, the texts and FaceTimes I didnt respond to. I wish I had been less busy, and less tired, and I think that would have made me a kinder person and a better friend. I want more time to call my mom. I want to spend all day making pies. I want to learn something unrelated to my classes. I want to bike the Minuteman Trail, and hike Mt. Washington, and leave Boston for a weekend. I want to stay up late with my friends and watch bad horror movies and shriek with laughter. Some Resolutions Im resolving to leave being hosed in 2019. I know this is what the kids call unrealistic, but my biggest regret from the past year is being so busy that I became selfish, and I want to change that. Through copious amounts of self-restraint, my planned class schedule for next semester is theoretically 11 fewer hours per week, and I have no class on Fridays. Im going to spend less time on psets, at least, and thats something. Im steadfastly refusing to take on any new extracurriculars, or pour any more time into the ones that I already do. Im hoping this will give me at least a little breathing room. Im resolving to spend my free time in healthier ways. This sounds very dramatic, but basically I want to spend less time on Twitter, and less time playing shitty iPhone games. I would like to spend more time writing, whether its journaling or blogging or both. I would also like to spend more time outdoors, excluding crew practices. In the past, when Ive had more overall free time, Ive had more motivation to write and hike and see friends. This is called not suffering from burnout and Id like to return to it. This resolution kind of goes with the previous one, because theoretically, I will spend less time on classes, and theoretically, I will instead write and hike and bike and UROP. Im resolving to document my life offline a little better. I recently got a phone with a camera that is actually pretty decent, and I want to take more pictures and videos. I also want to journal, actually. I am intrigued by the possibility of taking 1 second of video every day and making a video a year from now showing everything Ive done. This is, sadly, partially driven by bloggers block. I do things, and I want to write about them, but I dont have any notes or photos, and I have a hard time writing from nothing. If I have even a slightly better record of my life, I think Ill be able to write better and write more often. Last but definitely not least, Im resolving to figure out what I want to do after I graduate. I sure hope I know by December 31, 2020! Nisha wrote in her end-of-year post: I think that I’ve commandeered a boat from…somewhere…and paddled it in the general direction of forwards. I’ve almost reached the mainland. I just need to decide which one of three rivers will carry me there, and I’m sort of stalled at the confluence of all three of these rivers trying to decide. I think this is true for many juniors. Its certainly true for me. My rivers may be different, but Im definitely paddling in the same place. Some Hopes I hope I stick to my resolutions, and I hope Ive learned from my mistakes. I hope I become a kinder person in 2020. I hope I take photos and videos every day, and I hope I make memories every day. I hope I write a blog post every two weeks. I hope I treat my friends and family as well as they deserve. I hope I UROP and intern and discover what I love and make a five-year plan and everything works out. I hope I get good grades, but transcend caring about grades. I hope I make mistakes and learn from them, but I hope theyre not awful, and I hope theyre not ones Ive made before. Today is January 1, 2020. The sun rose this morning, just like any other day. It still feels like a fresh start. Happy New Year, and heres to hoping it all works out.

Is Broadcasting Class Live At Arapahoe Community College

Broadcasting Class Live Have you ever woken up late, been sick, or had a flat tire and missed class? Students at Arapahoe Community College currently have a limited amount of resources available when they are absent from class. There are two options to catch up on coursework: getting the information from their peers and meeting with the teacher. However, these options require a lot of effort and are very time-consuming. Student peers are not always available to help and the teacher’s schedule for office hours may not work for the students. With a majority of the student population working full-time and committing time to raising families, these options are a roadblock to the student s learning. Taking time out of an already busy schedule is the last resort a student wants to take. There must be an alternative to comprehend the material when students miss class lectures. By integrating class broadcasts at Arapahoe Community College, students will be able to attend class virtually; virtual broadcasts w ill benefit the students financially, academically, and will use the technology to its full advantage. Virtual class broadcasts will allow flexibility to the student s schedule and will allow them to view recorded lectures on their own time. Students who miss class at Arapahoe Community College, often feel overwhelmed due to the limited amount of resources available. These students mostly miss class for family emergencies, sickness, or making up work for other classes. When

Deviance Deviance And Deviance - 987 Words

Quite frequently in our day-to-day lives we hear the word deviance†, but we never really know the concepts behind it, although, deviance exists in almost every society. It is recognized as a term with many theories behind it which gives an immense range of interpretations of what deviance is and is not. According to Brym and Lie, deviance is defined as â€Å"departure from a norm that evokes a negative reaction from others† (2015:96). In other words, when someone is doing something that the rest of the society finds improper, or out of the ordinary, deviance is usually the term that defines those actions. Likewise, there are many examples of deviance that we experience in our daily lives, but not come to notice it, such as nose picking, dying your hair blue, walking backwards, skipping classes, and much more. Like many others, I have also participated and experienced deviance throughout my life, and one of them was attending a friend’s wedding who had a lower stat us than compared to mine. In the following essay, I will be explaining how I have experienced deviance through a theoretical perspective and how sociological imagination has assisted me in understanding my example better. We all come from various backgrounds, class, and status. Specifically, social class played a very critical role in my life, resulting in participating in deviance. Particularly, social class is further defined as our position in a social hierarchy and the roles that come along with it which areShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Deviance972 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Deviance Workplace deviance is a voluntary unethical behavior that disobeys organizational norms about wrong and right, and in doing so, threatens the wellbeing of the organization, and/or its members(Robinson and Bennett 555-572). According to Robinson and Bennett, â€Å"workplace deviances behavior varies along two dimensions: minor versus serious, and interpersonal (deviant behavior directed at other individuals in the organization) versus organizational (deviant behavior directed at theRead MoreWhat is Deviance?847 Words   |  4 PagesDeviance is defined as actions or behaviors that violate socials norms. In turn the concept of deviance is dependent on the social observation and perception. â€Å"By it’s very nature, the constructionism through which people define and interpret actions or appearances is always â€Å"social.† †(Henry, 2009 , p. 6) One’s perception of a situation may be completely different from another depending on cultural and social factors . The way someone talks, walks, dresses, and holds themselves are all factors thatRead MoreDeviance Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Theories Of Devaince Presented In There Are No Children Here The four theories of deviance are The Learning Theory, The Strain Theory, The Social-Bond Theory and the Labeling Theory. These theories alone can explain the reasoning behind someone’s deviant behavior. But, in There Are No Children Here we see all of these theories being demonstrated. This lets us have an understanding of exactly why we are seeing the deviant behavior that we are. This learning theory is basically the idea thatRead MoreEssay on Deviance in the Film Sleepers1084 Words   |  5 PagesDeviance in the Film Sleepers Deviance is the behavior and the standards of expectations of a group or society. It is also behavior that is considered dangerous, threatening or offensive. The people that are deviant are often labeled to be weirdos, oddballs, or creeps. In the United States, people with tattoos, drug addicts, alcoholics, and compulsive gamblers are all considered deviant. Sociologists believe that everybody is deviant from time to time. They believe each person will violate a socialRead MoreActs Of Deviance From Members Of Our Society1494 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of four days, I’ve observed numerous acts of deviance from members of our society. The ones that stood out to me the most were as follows... April 1, 2016- In the Tanger Outlets, I observed a woman deliberately skip a line of at least 10 people. This caused negative spontaneous reactions from everyone in line. As I was waiting in line to pay for my shirt, a woman walked right ahead of everyone who was already in line and then went to the next available cashier. Immediately, the firstRead MoreIs Deviance And The Deviant Label That Is Put Upon Female Athletes?1814 Words   |  8 PagesTopic- The topic that I have chosen for my research paper is deviance. More specifically the deviant label that is put upon female athletes. Given that they are scrutinized for becoming their own people and dismissing the traditional ways a female should behave, I would like to look at not only how these athletes are treated, but how they respond to it. Also focusing on if this process has changed over time. Thesis- Throughout the course of history, the consensus regarding traditional genderRead MoreDeviance is defined as being conduct that is not segment of the averages in specific civilization.1000 Words   |  4 PagesDeviance is defined as being conduct that is not segment of the averages in specific civilization. This can be distinctive throughout the places because certain societies have very dissimilar standards. Conduct condition is a psychological syndrome acknowledged in juvenile that gives itself through a recurring and obstinate display of conduct in which the simple privileges of others and main age-appropriate standards are disrupted. Conduct disorder gives as destructive and discourteous conduct. TheseRead MoreDeviance : Deviance And Deviance1335 Words   |  6 Pages Deviance is defined as the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. There are many different forms of deviance in today s society. Something that is viewed as being deviant in one culture might be seen as normal in another. There are many different types and theories in which define deviance, however their are 3 broad categories, these 3 categories are positivist, relativist, and critical conceptions of deviance. These 3 categories areRead MoreDeviance : Deviance And Deviance1292 Words   |  6 PagesCharacterizing deviance All Sociologists characterize deviant conduct as conduct that is seen as disregarding expected standards and principles. Deviance is significantly more than simply basic non-similarity; it is conduct that hauls out fundamentally from social desires. The sociological meaning of deviance puts accentuation on social connection, not ones conduct. Sociologists view abnormality as far as procedures inside of a gathering, judgements and definitions, not generally as curious individualRead MoreDeviant Behavior/Tattoos Essay694 Words   |  3 Pagesnot conform to what people may consider normal, a behavior that does not meet with many expectations in society. Societies are both social structure and culture. Robert K Merton developed structural strain theory which is a perspective on what is deviance (Crossman, (n.d.)). There are many variations or meanings of what can be considered a deviant behavior. Merton has five categories in which he classified as conformists, ritualists, innovators, retreatists and rebels. Everyone at some time in their

What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia Free Essays

string(35) " the nations of the Western world\." What did it mean to be modern in early twentieth century East Asia? In the early 20th century, East Asia went through a process of modernisation to cope with the challenges brought by the Western powers. This process of modernisation was characterised by numerous features, ranging from military, political, economic, industrial and technological reforms to changes in the legal, administration, diplomatic as well as education and women. There were long term socio-political and cultural impacts which shaped the modern East Asia in the early 20th century. We will write a custom essay sample on What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia? or any similar topic only for you Order Now While modernisation was in no way equivalent to Westernisation, many in the early 20th century saw the West as a model for modernisation. Modernisation in East Asia was thus more often than not taken as a process of learning from or even imitating the West. This essay will argue that Japan, Korea and China shared similar themes in the path towards modernity even though they developed in different ways. One of the most important steps towards modernisation for all 3 regions of East Asia was the reform (increasing levels of freedom) for women. In the early 20th century Japan, Korea and China underwent economic and industrial development taking the first steps towards modernisation. However, the significant difference lay in the fact that Korea underwent this process of industrial and economic modernisation under Japanese colonial rule therefore one may argue that the significance of their development was much greater. Japanese corporations took advantage of international technological and managerial innovations often called the â€Å"second industrial revolution†. Japan’s electrical technology became second to none. Electric street cars appeared in Tokyo in 1904, several years after they had appeared in Seoul. Of Japanese households, 85% had electricity in 1935, compared to 68% in the United States. Techniques of mass production required both standardised equipment and scientific management or Taylorism, an American theory of rational labour practice that Japan adapted to make the work force more efficient. A dual structure characterised Japan’s modern economy. Therefore, for Japan modernisation meant a rise in industrial advances and production thus a booming economy. Scholars’ views of Korea’s colonial period generally divide into two broad categories. The first takes a negative view of Japan but the second fits the colonial experience into major trends that lasted to the end of the 20th century. This included abolishing inherited social status as a barrier to advancement; liberating women from male domination; introducing modern mass media and popular culture; creating a modern economy through heavy investment in railroads, bridges and harbours; establishing a modern financial sector in the 1920s; and industrialising the peninsula in the 1930s. A small middle class of businessmen and shopkeepers arose and half million farmers were converted to factory workers and miners. In retrospect, the most important economic contribution was Japan’s use of state-led industrialisation involving planning and controls of all kinds in the process of late industrialisation to catch up to the advanced economies of western imperialists. Colonial economic policy aimed at expanding agricultural production by investment in reclamation, irrigation, chemical fertiliser and the introduction of new seeds to grow rice for export to Japan. Some people benefited more than others out of the economic boom in Korea from 1910-1925. This economic boom saw a rise in the price of rice. Korean landlords most of whom were Yangban (landed or unlanded aristocracy), fared far better than sharecroppers and Japan succeeded in winning tangban landlords compliance to colonial rule by granting them noble titles and guaranteeing their private property rights. As a result landlords took little part in the development of active nationalist resistance to Japanese rule. Taking this into consideration it is not unreasonable to suggests that while Japanese colonial rule brought about tyranny, exploitation of the Korean economy, its reduction of the mass of the population to bare subsistence and its attempt to obliterate Korean culture without granting equal citizenship rights it also encouraged developmentalism thus a profound increase in economic development. World War One gave China’s businesses and industries a chance to flourish. Britain, France, Germany and Russia were preoccupied with what was happening in Europe and no longer had spare goods to export. Imports from the West thus dropped dramatically, giving Chinese manufacturers a chance to sell more profitably. At the same time, the demand for products from China increased dramatically, giving Chinese manufacturers a chance to sell more profitably. At the same time, the demand for products from china increased helping china’s export industries. The number of Chinese textile mills increased from 22 in 1911 to 109 in 1921. Tonnage of coal produced grew from 13 to 20 million tons between 1913 and 1919. Modern banking took off: between 1912 and 1923, the number of modern banks increased from 7 to 31. Telephone and electric companies were formed not only in major cities but also in county seats and even in market towns. New fortunes were made. For instance, the Rong brothers from a family of merchants in Wuxi built a flour mill in 1901 and another in 1913. As opportunities opened up, they built eight new factories between 1914 and 1920 expanding into textiles. Therefore, like Japan and Korea, modernisation for China also meant an increase in industrialisation and economic production which brought the first steps towards modernity in the early 20th century. In Japan the path towards modernisation also meant the adoption of constitutional government and an imperial democracy. After the Meiji restoration in 1868, it provided for a form of constitutional monarchy, in which the emperor of Japan was an active ruler and wielded considerable political power over foreign policy and diplomacy which was shared with an elected Diet. The Diet primarily dictated domestic policy matters. After the Meiji restoration, which restored direct political power to the emperor, Japan underwent a period of political and social reform and modernisation aimed at strengthening Japan to the level of the nations of the Western world. You read "What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia?" in category "Essay examples" The immediate consequence of the constitution was the opening of the first parliamentary government in Asia. In the early 20th century the struggle for democracy engaged academic theorists, journalists, feminists, outcasts and working men and women who expressed themselves in riots and in efforts to organised unions. For Japanese intellectuals liberalism meant representative government, constitutionalism, and rule by law. It meant individual rights and freedom from undue governmental interference in the individual’s life. It distinguished between the naturalness of society and the artifice of the state. Intellectuals who professed liberal views jeopardised their careers. For example, Yoshino Sakuzo had to resign his position at Tokyo University because he had argued that people are the basis of the state and the aim of the state is to promote their well-being. The public interest had to in their view, supersede private, partial interests of oligarchs, bureaucrats, politicians and businessmen. Minobe Tatsukichi argued that according to the constitution, the Diet, in particular the lower house was the organ that represented the people. Therefore, it is clear that in Japan modernisation not only meant an improvement in industrial production and economic strength, but more significantly it meant the expression by the people for democracy and new liberal ideas imported from the West. A new modern culture was emerging in East Asia along with education which was emphasised significantly in Korea in the early 20th century. Radio broadcasting began in 1927 under the Japanese Korean broadcasting company and Korean language programs expanded from a third to half of airtime and in 1933 the first all Korean station was allowed. It devoted many programs to Korean history, science, the arts, international affairs, translations of western plays, popular songs with a distinct Korean flavour and standardisation of Korean grammar. In Japan the great Kanto earthquake of 1923 ushered in modern Japanese culture. Modern culture incorporated a second wave of westernisation driven not by national goals but by individual inclinations. After the earthquake, there emerged theatres, galleries, exhibition halls, and rooftop arcades and in 1927 the first subway in Asia connected corporate headquarters in Ginza with movie houses and cafes in Asakysa. The new middle class consumed a modern culture removed from politics. Mass literacy spurred the development of mass media. Self-help books and magazines taught the rudiments of popular science, how to be modern, how to succeed in business and how to create the perfect home environment. Cinemas showed films from abroad alongside domestically produced animated cartoons and historical dramas. This modern mass culture promoted a privatising world of leisure and self-expression. In China the new culture movement took the lead in rejecting traditional values. For example, articles were written that promoted the importance of rejection of Confucianism so that China could attain equality and human rights. Leaders of the movement proposed ending use of the classical literary language because it was a â€Å"dead language† according to Hu Shi. By 1919 New youth written entirely in vernacular Chinese was joined by many other periodicals aimed at young people aspiring for new china. Magazines were filled with articles on western ideas including socialism anarchism, democracy, liberalism Darwinism pragmatism and science. All the major political and intellectual revolutionaries of the early 20th century spoke out on the need to change the ways of thinking about women and their social roles. Early in the century the key issues were foot binding and women’s education. Anti-foot binding campaigns depicted the ustom as standing in the way of modernisation by crippling a large part of the population. As women gained access to modern education they began to participate in politics. Schools for women were becoming more common in this period. In 1907 the Qing government mandated the opening of schools for girls. By 1910 there were over 40000 girls’ schools in the country, with 1. 6 million students and by 1919 this had i ncreased. Schools offered much more than literacy; they offered a respectable way for girls to interact with unrelated people. After 1920 opportunities for higher education also rapidly expanded leading to a growing number of women working as teachers, nurses and civil servants in the larger cities. At the end of World War One the treaty of Versailles ceded former German holdings in China to Japan instead of returning the territories to China even though China had sent troops to fight with the Allies in Europe. Such unfair treatment sparked a widespread intellectual uprising known as the May 4th movement. Focussing on the need for national strength and modernisation this movement also encompassed widespread cultural and literary innovation. These cultural products also saw new representations of women as two distinct archetypes: the New Woman and the Modern Girl. The new emphasis on women in the early 20th century and the public movements taking place (May 4th) show that to China modernisation meant a more Western liberal approach than ever before. To conclude one may argue that to be modern in East Asia in the early 20th century meant different things to Japan, Korea and China. However, similarities were greatly emphasised. For Japan there developed a robust parliamentary democracy supported by an electorate that encompassed the entire male population. The industrialised economy and modern bureaucracy fostered the growth of a well-educated middle class. Overall modern Japan contained conflicting visions of what it meant to be Japanese. For Korea Japanese colonial rule had both positive and negative effects. It established models for successful enterprises and by breaking down hereditary status barriers it opened opportunities to people previously blocked from upward mobility. By introducing modern education it introduced some Koreans to science, foreign languages and social science and enabled the birth of modern mass culture. In short Japanese colonialism produced wealth and poverty, acceptance and animosity, revolutionary potential and conservative reaction. For China modernisation meant the end of the two thousand years of monarchical government, the importance of nationalism and the emergence of political parties. Through the spread of modern schools and new publications a large proportion of the population knew of western countries and ideas. Radically new ideas such as individualism and democracy were being widely discussed and advocated. However, overall of most importance to the whole of East Asia was the similar way in which women were revolutionised. In Japan, Korea and China one may argue that the process of modernisation had the greatest impact on women and that one of the biggest aspects of adopting a more modern western culture in early 20th century East Asia, was the freedom for women to play more public roles in society. Bibliography 1. Edwin Arnold, Asia’s first parliament: Sir Edwin Arnold describes the step in Japan, New York Times 26 January 1891 2. Ebrey, Walthall and Palais, East Asia: a cultural, social and political history second edition 2009 3. Sarah E Stevens, Figuring modernity: the new woman and the modern girl in republican China volume 15 number 3 2003 How to cite What Did It Mean to Be Modern in Early 20th Century East Asia?, Essay examples

Challenges Managing Global Teams Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theChallenges Managing Global Teams for Literature Review. Answer Literature Review Scope In the present time, there are number of organizations that are increasingly turning to many virtual based teams as a way to connect. They also engage in a geographic manner and at the same time, it also leads to lowering the overall cost related to international collaboration and making sure that there is greater speed as well as adaptability. These kinds of teams have moved the manner in which companies use to form in a traditional manner, manage as well as test the performance of teams. Some virtual teams at the same time also offers many advantages and poses a lot of challenges (Steers et al., 2013). The growth of effective international leaders and keeping everything remote the way employees engage in work and also form or develop the team globally. The companies will also have to monitor as well as test many long distance workforces and at the same time develop an international mindset in every area where companies are constantly working to understand it completely. Literature Review Objectives The objective of this literature review is to understand different challenges in managing the global teams. Here it is important to research and also write about different challenged to the company either associated with presently using international virtual teams or also adopting of many virtual teams. The discussion consists of virtual team leadership, along with a cost based analysis of the communication between these teams. It also covers face-face interaction along with a lot of challenges in work life and contracting team from some distance, supervising and testing global teams (Steers et al., 2013). It is will also cover the development of an international mindset in connection with international virtual teams. Literature ReviewComparative Analysis To gain some success for a global organization, more and more companies need to depend on a different geographic workforce. They also manufacture teams that give the best kind of functional expertise from all over the world which is combined with deep as well as local information on many promising markets. It also helps in drawing the advantages of global diversity and at the same time also bringing together different people from different cultures with different work experiences and also different approaches on organizational as well as strategic challenges (Mockaitis et al., 2016). All this assist helps the multinational organization to compete with a present business environment. However, the managers will lead the global kind of teams that are against different challenges. Creation of successful work groups and it is also hard when every person is working local and also people sharing the same place to work. However, when the member of the team come from different nations along w ith functional backgrounds and are also working in diverse locations, communication can quickly take a U-turn since there will be misunderstandings and sense of cooperation will decrease into distrust. An organization culture influence can be once extended or shared with only into the domestic community and in present time, for some companies whether startups or well-established companies often implies that working within a community that usually stretches across the whole world. There are some main advantages of going international while working on software like Oracle or SAP; companies can manage teams in different countries at one time (Mockaitis et al., 2016). Therefore, companies are not restricted by geography anymore especially when it comes to talent-based selection as well as local talents. Also, the concept of virtual culture has expanded the flexibility of employees along with general happiness. At the same time, companies are also facing so many challenges that are threatening the ability of the companies to lead as well as succeed with the global team (Gibbs and Boyraz, 2015). Following are some of the challenges that companies face while managing the global or virtual teams along with right kind of solutions: - Lack of clarity: while working with global members of teams with different as well as diverse native language, it is very common for some key messages to get completely lost in translations. This can be due to many reasons like poor phone connection or team members trying to multitask while working. It creates a lot of gaps, and one usually wonders why communication never sinks in the initial stage. It is always important to put all the important decisions in writing along with following up conference calls with more clear as well as written communication of results of the conference (Gibbs and Boyraz, 2015). This further makes sure that everyone in the team is walking away from some meeting with the same kind of takeaways. Slow decision making: where are few time left in a day, it can take the whole week to schedule again the meeting that will work every member in the team. Also, there is the lack of clarity as well, and decision making can also exist at a slow speed. Here it is very important to clearly interact with the direction as well as strategy in more of a face to face setup whenever it is possible. The concept of video conferencing is the good tool for assisting teams to feel more present in the meeting and provide participants the ability to sense one another as long as tone or language is concerned (Rai, 2014). A normal in person based interaction is also important to boost the morale of the team and raise the level of collaboration. When there is clear undertaking provided with the help of face to face interaction and the speed of business as well as execution is very fast. Resolution of many disjointed conflicts: functioning with the help of mails makes it more challenging to deal with many tough problems and also get everyone on the same page. The overall tone, as well as the body language, plays an important role in communication, and without all these issues, delicate problems can be very hard to manage in the right manner. Here it is always important to make sure that tough messages should be made in personal chats and not on email because these messages can be easily misinterpreted (Rai, 2014). By communicating this in personal conversation, one must be more open to understanding each other and also communicate in an effective manner. Conflict in culture: big company's culture rely on constant communication and overall bonding among team members. Such kind of equation can be very challenging for the international team to manage and define in a proper manner. Here it is very important to hire a consultant and train people about the concept of cultural training. The consultant helps every team to answer some crucial questions like kind of value that can be instilled in employees (Colomo-Palacios et al., 2014). In connection with many global teams, there are many structure based factors that decide social distances are based on the location and also the number of websites where different team members depend along with the number of people who work at every site. The basic problem here is the opinion based on overall power. In many teams, the team members are situated in the different location for example, with two or more than two in the USA and South Africa, there is also a sense that any members have more power (Colomo-Palacios et al., 2014). This kind of imbalance is established on a negative dynamics with a larger group that may feel resented for many minority groups of people with the belief that the latter will try to go away with the contribution which can be unfair. At the same time, there are some minority groups as well that can believe that the major amount of people have power as well as voice their opinions. The case can be exacerbated when the manager is present at the site with many people close to headquarter of the company. Also, team members of the company tend to avoid the requirements and the overall contributions of the team member at other places. When there is an imbalance in geographic locations, and the team members are dispersed perceives to have a proper imbalance, it usually comes to the realization that is some out-groups as well as in-groups (Vigier and Spencer-Oatey, 2017). It is important to consider the case of an international marketing team for many multinational companies. The managers and the group forming core strategy for people who are working in the organization are also included. There can be a small group as well in other location focused on capturing their respective markets. There are three other team and members of the family who can easily split the time between different locations and are also responsible for the overall strategy. Research Gap and Contribution It is very important to prevent the vicious and diverse dynamics from placing the focus on the research as well as teaching or consulting for above fifteen years. It is important to conduct some research here and also understand the misunderstandings and mindset of countless executives as well as managers within the global team. It is important to realize the outcomes especially when it comes with costly impacts. However, many people who research on the same have constantly encountered high innovation at the same time it will result in millions of dollars of value creation for the stakeholders as well as customers (Vigier and Spencer-Oatey, 2017). One of the basic distinctions exists between different global teams that are always working and that don't lie at the level of social based distance and it consist of the degree of emotional connect that one have among different team members. When workforce in a team, works at the same place, the degree of social distance is normally very l ow. Despite different background, people can easily communicate in formal as well as informal manner that can align with building the trust (Babar and Lescher, 2014). The team arrives at a normal understanding of what specific type of attitude mean and the feel closer at the same time congenial, and it further fosters good connection or teamwork. Colleagues who are placed in one organization but separated geographically find it difficult to connect as well as align, so that the experience of social distance as well as struggle to generate effective kind of communication. Here it is important to mitigate the social distance completely, and this is why it becomes the main management challenge for many managers of a global team (Heizer and Barry, 2013). Conclusion It is clear, international management faces a common challenge which is managing the virtual or global teams. Some companies are working on an international level to present with globalization manual that can collect as well as verify the best kind of practices and there are other challenges as well here (Cramton and Hinds, 2014). Some of the challenges are discussed in detail above. Ideally, some HR based policies in the international IT team must have a proper consistency along with right kind of fairness as well as responsiveness. It is also important to provide some vital titles as well as report the structure in the proper manner, and it must be equalized in the proper manner. At the same time, it is also important to understand that the world is flat. However, HR based terms and conditions are not present in a similar manner (Cramton and Hinds, 2014). The concept of international based consistency also permits as well as aligns with so many local based laws and culture norms. T his is very challenging present in the variation of work culture and company's structures and levels in every country. Moreover, the overall cost of living also changes considerably in every location. Therefore, the concept of one size fits all is an unrealistic concept in the present world. References Steers, R.M., Snchez-Runde, C. and Nardon, L., 2013.Management Across Cultures: Challenges for Global Managers: 1. The new global realities; 2. The new global managers; Part II. Developing Global Understanding: 3. The cultural environment; 4. The organizational environment; 5. The situational environment; Part III. Developing Global Management Skills: 6. Communicating across cultures; 7. Negotiating global agreements; 8. Leading global organizations; 9. Managing a global workforce; 10. Working with global teams; 11. Living and working globally; 12 .... Cambridge University Press. Mockaitis, A.I., Zander, L. and De Cieri, H., 2016. Special issue of International Journal of Human Resource Management: The benefits of global teams for international organizations: HR implications: Extended submission deadline: 12 February 2016. Gibbs, J.L. and Boyraz, M., 2015. International HRMs role in managing global teams.The Routledge companion to international human resource management, pp.532-551. Johnson, P.F., 2014.Purchasing and supply management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Rai, A., 2014. Global Organizational Behaviour Research Essay Managing and Motivating Multicultural Teams Lecturer-Dr. Romie Littrell. Colomo-Palacios, R., Casado-Lumbreras, C., Soto-Acosta, P., Garca-Pealvo, F.J. and Tovar, E., 2014. Project managers in global software development teams: a study of the effects on productivity and performance.Software Quality Journal,22(1), pp.3-19. Vigier, M. and Spencer-Oatey, H., 2017. Code-switching in newly formed multinational project teams: Challenges, strategies and effects.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,17(1), pp.23-37. Babar, M.A. and Lescher, C., 2014. Editorial: Global software engineering: Identifying challenges is important and providing solutions is even better.Information and Software Technology,56(1), pp.1-5. Heizer, R. and Barry, R., 2013.Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain management(Vol. 11). Pearson, UK. Cramton, C.D. and Hinds, P.J., 2014. An embedded model of cultural adaptation in global teams.Organization Science,25(4), pp.1056-1081.

Application of Management Theories

Application of Management Theories Abstract Most successful corporations have applied either employee empowerment theory or the penetration pricing theory. A combination of both theories might also enhance market performance of any given corporation. However, empowerment theory facilitates a culture of employees’ contribution by allowing them to participate and contribute to the decision making processes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Management Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The application of this theory enables an organization to discover the full synergy and power of its employees as regards to problem detection, solving alongside better service deliveries. In contrast, the penetration pricing theory might help a company to evade market competition. It can be applied when a company wants to operate at the least cost possible while setting the lowest product prices. Introduction Various theories have been applied during decision making processes. The memo however highlights the applications of the employee empowerment and penetration pricing theories as noted in human resource and marketing areas respectively. Moving towards workforce empowerment culture Workforce empowerment turned out to be a corporate catchphrase in early nineties and the corporate press accord deemed it to be a noble thing. During this periods, the customary view saw workforces as replaceable objects in corporations, individuals who ought to be well trained to execute well defined and narrow tasks as well as people who should be constantly supervised and watched every time (Rehkopf, 2009). With the advent of employees’ empowerment culture, there has been the necessitation that even the sophisticated and more educated employees have the urge of contributing in their workplaces and to the employers. Basically, employees’ empowerment in simple term implies the full-fledged cronies in pursuit of high quality le vels and better services. Empowered employees are always encouraged to make decisions, think and take personal actions on the basis of the defined corporate guidelines (Rehkopf, 2009). The organizational management must thus recognize employee abilities and offer the requisite authority and tools which enables them to incessantly advance their performances. The management is charged with responsibility of stating its expectations as regards to the recognition and solving of the problems through empowering the employees to so.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A practical example of empowerment Very few corporations truly embrace the employees’ empowerment concept. In fact, corporations that adopt this concept have realized the massive synergy and power which could be released when workforces are allowed to fully participate in the assumed operations. A practic al example where the concept of employees’ empowerment culture was widely embraced is Ritz-Carlton Hotel. Instead of marginalizing its employees by failing to listen to them and refusing to have them contribute in the hotel decision making processes, Ritz-Carlton Hotel does exactly the opposite. Employee empowerment is not merely used in guests’ satisfaction, but it is rather intended to crown them imaginary services (Hardina, 2007). Every employee at Ritz-Carlton Hotel has a chance to contribute to the decision making process and they have the mandate from the leaders to act accordingly. How the employee empowerment concept bring about specific actions Initially, Ritz-Carlton Hotel did not engage its workforce in the continual process improvement and in the development of work processes. It was thus very difficult to gauge how the indispensable service deliveries to partners could be made. There was equally laxity and non-commitment on the side of employees as regards to service deliveries and goal attainments. The morale and motivation in the institution was extremely low while the employees were less energized by failure to involve them in the decision making processes. The employees thus felt like they were not recognized and neither were they deemed part of the organization. Thus, they lacked the full sense of entrepreneurial commitment (Rehkopf, 2009). The theory of employee empowerment necessitates that each employee within the organization must totally sense the commitment of the organization to such an empowerment. Merely saying that the workforce is empowered is actually not real. In fact, the management and all leaders found at different levels ought to act by shunning the mere talks. This theory requires that the management ought to realize that workforce empowerment is not like the magical gifts that workers receive from the management. The leaders have the responsibility of establishing a pivotal atmosphere and environment where the workforce feels the real empowerment (Ryan, 1998). They should have a feeling that they are emboldened in the decision making process and must be aware of the management backing and support. Results achieved by practicing employee empowerment theory After the theory was implemented at Ritz-Carlton Hotel, the employees unleashed their full potentials as regards to service delivery and consequently participated in all the entrepreneurial operations. They aided the hotel management in detecting and solving the emerging problems besides providing guests with legendary services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Management Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The employees felt like they had greater stakes in the hotel and fully remained loyal and accountable to their assumed tasks. Indeed, they equated their respective triumphs and purpose with those of the hotel. There were sky-high morale and motiva tions in the hotel devoid of sporadic campaigns and gimmicks by the management (Rehkopf, 2009). The employees were passionate about fellow workers and service deliveries to guests. What I could have done differently As a practicing manager, I could have aspired to know the employees by their names, share my time with them, treat them like adults and personally look for their welfare. Most important, I could have shared with them my visions and goals for the hotel by thoroughly and frequently communicating with them. Information and guidelines for empowered behaviors could also have been made available to each worker. Workers who attain beyond expectations could have been rewarded while any emanating member issues could have been instantly resolved. Thus, the employees could have been made and parcel of the hotel. Another theory that could be used in decision making is the self-determination theory. Based on this theory, workers have both external and internal perceived locus of loca lity which makes them feel that any force initiates and sustains their actions. Such forces might in turn cause motivation. Penetration pricing theory This concept has been widely employed by most new market entrants when they aim at winning clients and consequently garnering larger market shares from their competitions. The theory derives from the demand price responsiveness by assuming that clients will always move to the novel brands and products whose prices are seemingly low. The assumption is that provided brand loyalty has been developed, then the set prices might be raised progressively to attain the dominant market price. In case prices are low, then the preliminary goodwill will be generated and hence companies will be capable of holding unto their clients besides gaining other positively referred customers (Baker, 2006). A practical application of penetration pricing There are numerous issues that are addressed via applying this theory. As reported in the media, this theo ry has been extensively applied by Wal-Mart Corporation. The company believed that when higher prices are charged on commodities, market competitors will eventually outperform it by reducing their prices. Since identifiable and distinct prices segment are inexistent in the market while price elastic demand are exhibited, larger products market will permit competition take place. Prices will eventually reduce thus permitting subsequent price hikes which will operationally offset the preliminary low prices (Hardina, 2007). Wal-Mart applied this theory by setting low prices to help its clients save money and live better lives. The company did this by offering pleasant shopping experience, guaranteeing satisfaction, setting the least possible prices, providing knowledgeable experience and a variety of quality products. It was as a result of price antagonism and market competition that Wal-Mart opted to adopt this theory.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How penetration pricing concept bring about specific actions The theory of penetration pricing helps customers to recognize each other. Any company that draws on penetration pricing stands a better chance of countering the competitors’ actions and has exceptional positioning strategies. For instance, Wal-Mart applied this theory in its business operations and the corporation has had the chance to utilize economies of scale. Economies of scale in turn helped the company to produce numerous goods at the least cost possible. The end result is a reduction on the charged prices, avoidance of market competition and becoming a market leader (Winninger, 1994). Results achieved by employing penetration pricing theory When Wal-Mart applied this concept, it created a positive impression which made clients to believe that the corporation truly provides the lowest priced products. The created image overshadowed various clients’ expectations by creating a price loop. The company eff ectively applied penetration pricing to an extent that clients deemed it an imperative factor when making their product choices (Hardina, 2007). Therefore, while the suppliers assume low pricing strategies, the company offers better prices to ensure low sourcing costs. What I could have done differently Given that Wal-Mart employees and suppliers show their ill-treatment grievances at the company, the company is in the verge of being negatively portrayed. However, to make all market participants’ and employees happy, I could have offered the clients’ quantity and product loyalty discounts. The cost of production could have been reduced via economies of scale which in turn could have allowed the setting of low prices. Conclusion Employee empowerment can be applied to ensure performance improvement. It is considered as an important element for managers who are in quest for outstanding services. Any effort put towards employees’ empowerment could possibly give resu lts beyond expectations. Conversely, any company that applies the penetration pricing theory stands a better chance of making its products to be recognized by the clients. The theory helps in creating a positive brand image in the minds of clients. References Baker, R. J. (2006). Pricing on purpose: Creating and capturing value. Sudbury, MA: John Wiley and Sons. Hardina, D. (2007). An empowering approach to managing social service organizations. Florence, KY: Springer Publishing Company. Rehkopf, E. (2009). Club resources international: Making employee empowerment a reality at your club. Retrieved from clubresourcesinternational.com/media/8651/employee%20empowerment.pdf Ryan, J. (1998). Giving people the chance to sparkle. Journal of People Management, 1(13), 40-42. Winninger, T. J. (1994). Price wars: How to win the battle for your customer. Ontario, CA: St. Thomas Press.

buy custom Food Technology essay

buy custom Food Technology essay The preservation of food has always occupied a large portion of mans time and effort. Since the early days, man has been preserving his foods by application of natural methods from the environment. These methods included the sun drying, smoking, salting, and fermentation (Karel Lund, 2003). These methods altered the quality and taste of the foods. In addition, as civilization developed the demands of large quantities of quality processed foods also increased. This has led to the development of large preservation methods that attempt to retain the natural taste of the foods processed. One crucial fruit that the food industry can preserve is the plums. Plums may be used in the manufacture of jam, juice, as well as other recipes (Schuegraf, 2001). They are also be used to manufacture brandy and other alcoholic beverages when distilled. It is also high in the antioxidants and has a laxative effect when eaten. Dried and salted plums can also be used as snacks. The wide range of uses of plums supports its choice in preservation. Plums are exceedingly perishable commodities under the normal room temperatures. Their accelerated spoilage is due to their high sugar content. The high sugar content allows for the thriving of the microbes. Heat processing is one of the new methods in the markets, which are more convenient in preservation of the food. It emerged due to the need to improve on the processes inefficiency and the quality of the final product of the existing methods. This consequently led to the development of new developments and improvements in existing thermal processing technologies (Bhat, 2012). Three commonly used methods in the thermal processing are the electro-heating technology, microwave heating and ohmic heating technology. These technologies inactivate microbes in many kinds of foods. Electro-heating can be done either directly (e.g. ohic heating) or indirectly (e.g. radio frequency or microwave heating). Direct heating involves applying the electrical current to the food directly. In indirect heating, electrical energy is first converted into electromagnetic radiations and directed to the food. The electromagnetic radiations, subsequently generates heat within the product. Indirect electro-heat ing overcomes the problem of excessive cooking times, leading to low power consumption (Bhat, 2012). The major application of this method is in the processes of pasteurization, sterilization, defrosting, thawing, cooking and drying. Heat processing, work by thermal inactivation of microorganisms in the food materials, through irreversible denaturing of the enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, or other cellular constituents vital to the cell metabolism and reproduction in microbes thereby, resulting to cellular death (Bhat, 2012). The establishment of safe thermal process requires the knowledge of time/ temperature combination in order deactivate the most heat-resistant pathogen. In addition, the knowledge on heat-penetration characteristics of the food system (heat transfer rate) is applied. This information is necessary to establish scheduled processes, for the inactivation of pathogens in the food products and thus, prolonging their shelf life (Ranken, Kill, Baker, 1997). Dehydration method of food preservation, work by the principle of depriving microorganisms moisture necessary to remain active. Removal of water also ensures that, the chemical processes stops. Dehydration leads to reduction in weight and volume in most cases. The most decisive factor to consider in the fruit and vegetable preservation by dehydration method is the water activity (aw). Water is a useful solvent for growth and metabolism of the microbes. It also supports many chemical reactions occurring in the food products. The free water in fruits or vegetables is enough for chemical reactions, supporting microbial growth, and as a transport medium for the spoilage compounds (Barbosa-Cnovas, Fernardez-Molina, Alzamora, Tapia, Lopez-Malo, Chanes, 2003). It is essential that, the appropriate water activity (aw) in which the pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms cannot grow be attained for preservation. Most pathogenic organisms cannot grow at aw O.82. Yeasts and molds, on the other h and, cease to grow when aw 0.62 (Bhat, 2012). Low water activity produces conformational changes in the enzyme, thereby affecting its catalytic activity. Any dehydration method should ensure that, the water activity (aw) is below the growth of the microbial organisms, so as to prolong their shelf life and preservation time (Karel Lund, 2003). It should also be noted that low water values do not kill the microbes immediately. Therefore, they may remain dormant in the food for prolonged periods of time. Because it does not sterilize the food, means must be provided to maintain the equilibrium and prevent the food staff from regaining the moisture until its usage arises (Ranken, Kill, Baker, 1997). Having the two processes will substantially lower the cost on other methods of preservation. For example, the dehydration of the food materials can be done by the electrical heater. On the other hand, these two methods can be easily incorporated to other methods of food preservation thereby reducing costs. Lastly, these two methods require just the initial supply of power unlike the refrigeration that requires a constant supply all the time. The effectiveness of any preservation method is dependent on how well the agents responsible for spoilage are inhibited or destroyed. This spoilage occurs due to the activities of microorganisms and the enzyme in the food to be preserved (Karel Lund, 2003). Buy custom Food Technology essay

Regulating Corporate Power and Company Law in United Kingdom Essay

Regulating Corporate Power and Company Law in United Kingdom - Essay Example Pirg, 2007)1. Though this can be seen as a positive development by Congress, in favour of public interest, a lot more needs to be done in protecting the public. There is a lot to be desired, but governments around the world face stiff legislative moves by an entity, that seeks to make the most of their interest at the interest of the public- the corporate. On 3 October 2002, the contract of the British Railway with Railtrack came to an end, which initiated the government to establish Network Rail as the new contractor, provided Network Rail guaranteed that it would reinvest the profits into further railway infrastructure development in the pursuit of a safer and more reliable railway system. On closer observation, it is clear that these guarantees raise serious concerns in respect of the accountability of Network Rail; firstly, as its status as a private sector organisation, and secondly, its implications for the Treasury and the tax payer. This view could have been avoided had the Government adopted an alternative approach, commonly referred to as a 'government sponsored enterprise'. This would have given the government more authority in handling such a vital transport system in the country. This was not to be, and the government again goofed up an opportunity to gain increased control of the railway infrastructure at a significantly reduced price. The corporate was successful in twisting the government arm to its benefit (Lisa Whitehouse, 2003)2. Large, transnational corporations (TNC) are becoming increasingly powerful. Additional problems result from a variety of social injustice and human rights violations. This is not to say that corporates are a bane to society, but the muscle power of corporates to dictate and run policies in their favour is most disturbing. Profits are the driving factor, and not workers satisfaction. Corporates work tirelessly to improve their market presence and in the bargain, has no time or inclination to focus on the treatment vetted to their co-workers, or how society and the environment are affected. Sometimes, the role of these multinational giants can be seen in the backdrop of deliberate abdication of social clauses and regulations to maximise their profits. These companies manipulate international trade pacts and agreements, in order to maximise profits, such as cheap labour, government incentives and subsidies, tax rebates and so on (Anup Shah, 2002)3. Tax avoidance adds to the woes of the general public. Suppressing the formation of workers union to fight for their co-workers justice, these corporates run the show to their advantage at all levels. The future for the workers looks

The problem of the huge gap between the rich and poor in China and the Essay

The problem of the huge gap between the rich and poor in China and the solutions - Essay Example In contrast to them the poorest 10 per cent of China’s population’s income increased by no more than 12-fold. This sustained trend ranging over a period of almost 2.5 decades has distanced the rich and the poor so much that they almost find themselves at opposite poles today. The Gini coefficient suggests that the yawning gap between the two populations in China has become so wide that it is now disturbing the limits of social stability. The hukou system in China The growing inequality between the rich and the poor in China is integrally linked with the hukou system of the permits of residency according to which the internal migration of the poor is restrained to the towns. Economic gap between the rich and the poor in China has increased with the growing scarcity of the rural labor. The hukou system has limited the poor to the access of public services only where they are registered which are mostly the very places where they are born. â€Å"[M]aking individualsâ€⠄¢ hukou status salient and public significantly reduces the performance of rural migrant students on an incentivized cognitive task by 10 percent, which leads to a significant leftward shift of their earnings distribution† (Afridi, Li, and Ren). The rules applying limits to migration in China that limit the poor in the countryside are blatantly unfair. The concept of Guanxi The growth of business in general and the small and medium sized enterprises (SME) in China has recently grabbed the attention of the whole world. One factor that has played a prime role in the growth of business and the consequential strengthening of economy in China is the concept of Guanxi, that encourages people to build social connections and networks and seek benefits from them. â€Å"The concept of Guanxi or a network of connections is a well known and central aspect of life in China, both in business and social life. It's no different from the 'old boys network' in the UK† (Walker). This sys tem has not only increased the economic divide between the rich and the poor in China, but has also helped the cultivation of corruption and injustice in the systems. Chinese politicians today recognize and appreciate the Old Etonian bonds among the City Hall and the Downing Street. China’s upcoming leaders are linked through families. Economist Mao Yushi has described the problem in these words, â€Å"The wealth in China is not only allocated by the market, but also by power. The people with power have money. The marriage between power and money allows people to make money by using illegal methods. It increases further the income gap between the rich and the poor beyond the market itself† (Yushi cited in Taylor). The system is unfair and the poor do not stand any chance even in the long run. Solutions Decreasing disparity of income between the rich and the poor Since it is one of the most important contributing factors in the widening economic gap between people of

Public Health Past And Present Health And Social Care Essay

Public Health Past And Present Health And Social Care Essay Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 2006). The concept of health is the main theme and focus of public health. The concept of Public health was defined by the American public health leader, Charles-Edward A. Winslow, in 1920 as, the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health (Winslow, 1926) and also adopted as the definition by The Acheson Committee on Public Health in England, which reported in 198 8, at their first meeting which is cited in the Health Second Report of the House of Common (2001). What does this definition tell us about the meaning of public health? It means it is the organised efforts of society, implying some collective responsibility for health and prevention (Beaglehole et al, 2004) Public health is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. It generally includes surveillance and control of infectious disease and promotion of healthy behaviours among members of the community in contrast to medicine which is focus on the overall health of the individual. Public health deals with the population while medicine deals with the individual. The population can be as small as of people who lives in one community or as large as all the people of several continents in the case of a pandemic. As public health become popular to this modern time tensions sometimes arise between medicine and public health. Each discipline has its distinct priorities. Medicine aims at cures for individual diseases and primarily dealing with individuals while public health emphasizes the prevention of disease of the population and health promotion. The Health Second Report of the House of Commons (House of Commons, 2001) mentioned in the paper that Public health, according to the Proprietary Association of Great Britain, is not a term understood by the majority of the public and one of the difficulties with the term public health is that it means different things to different people. In addition according to the report that Public Health can span everything from a medical specialty to a specialty which is an awful lot broader than medicine and to almost a philosophy and Public health can be variously defined so as to cover trends of disease in a population, the provision of preventive and health improving care, or a range of health-impacting factors including or excluding the NHS. According to Brieger (1999) and Kumar (2007) the history of public health has been a flourishing field in the last three decades. Yet despite a spate of excellent monographs about various epidemic diseases and many good collections about health and disease in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, as well as Europe and North America, the most recent textbook on the history of public health is four decade old. George Rosens venerable, A History of Public Health, was first published in 1958. In many ways, public health is largely a modern concept, although it has roots in antiquity and public health impact and influence has waxed and waned over the past 150 years (House of Commons, 2001). Tosh (1984) cited by Womack and Scally (2004) in his book The Pursuit of history wrote, To know about the past is to know that things have not always been as they are now, and by implication that they need not remain the same in the future and according to Carr (1987) cited by Womack and Scally (2004), history offers a dual function, to enable men and women to understand society of the past and to increase the mastery over the society of the present. The importance of the history, knowledge and understanding of the past public health and how it evolved, its success and failures, its highs and lows enable us to increase our understanding of the present. In this paper public health history is revisited to see how past shaped the public health today. Past and Present Throughout the human history, community attempts to prevent and limit the spread of diseases which are the main early historical ideas of public health. Evidence of the existence of the idea of public health can be found in the earliest evidence of communal living and existence of diseases similar to what we have today. Evidences of activities connected with community health were well documented by Rosen et al (1993) in the book A History of Public Health these community health activities have been found in the very earliest civilizations dated as early as four thousand years ago in India, where evidence showed that these early Indian cities where consciously planned in which the bathrooms and drains are common in excavated buildings, the streets were broad, paved and drained by covered sewers. In Middle Kingdom (2100-1700 BC) archaeologist discovered the ruin city of Kahun in Egypt and there is an evidence that care was taken to drain off water by means of masonry gutter in the cent re of the street. During the pre-Christian era, about two thousand years ago, the problem of procuring drinking water supply for larger communities had already been solved. In the book it was mentioned about the impressive engineering works of the Incas. They established well-drained cities that were adequately supplied with water, thus providing a good basis for the health of the community. In Greece, for example, the Cretan-Mycenean culture had large conduits, and in the Palaces, such as that of Konosos on Crete, which dates from the second pre-Christian millennium, there were not only magnificent bathing facilities but also water flushing arrangements for the toilets (Rosen et al, 1993). Kumar (2007) mentioned that Romans believe that ill health could be associated with, amongst other things, bad air, bad water, swamps, sewage, debris and lack of personal cleanliness. In some places, Rome included, it is impossible to avoid all of these unless something is physically done to alte r the environment. The Romans resolved these problems by the provision of clean water through aqueducts, removing the bulk of sewage through the building of sewers and development of a system of public toilets throughout their towns and citys and personal hygiene was encouraged through the building of large public baths. These historical evidences of public health community activities are the source of early information and strategies on the importance of housing and sanitation in public health. Rosen et al, (1993) discussed the concept of cleanliness and it was very evidence during early days. Cleanliness and personal hygiene are to be found among present-days primitive and very unquestionably practiced by pre-historic and early historic men. Primitive people dispose generally their excretions in sanitary way, although their reasons are quite different to the reasons of todays generation. During early days these practices are connected to religious practices. People kept clean to be pure and clean in the eyes of the gods and not for hygienic reason. An interesting example cited by Rosen et al (1993) was the connection between the cleanliness and religion in the Inca feast, Citua. Every year, in September, at the beginning of rainy season which is associated with diseases, the people led by the Inca carried out health ceremony. In addition to prayer all homes were thoroughly cleaned. Religious traditions against eating pork among Hebrews and Muslims reflect the special hazar ds of eating those foods when inadequately preserved or prepared. As often happens in public health, even without an understanding of the underlying etiology, effective preventive measures can be taken. Successes in prevention reinforce the concept that disease can be prevented through human action other than prayers and sacrifices to the gods, which in turn encourages additional attempts at prevention. Other ancient practices which created a great impact in health of our modern time such as those that can be found among the Indian cultures with a well-developed system of health-related practices called Ayurveda (the science of living) that extensively used herbs and yoga (body and breathing exercises) based on three broad parameters, loosely translated as air (vata), bile (pita) and phelgm (kapha). While the exact date of the origins of these practices are unknown, it is variously estimated to have been in existence since before 1000 B.C. It is generally believed that invasive medicines were discouraged within Ayurveda, though some translations of older works suggest that occasional operations were performed on exceptional cases. Ancient Indian cultures also cultivated systems of healing such as Pranic healing (Mishra, 2003). The Ancient Greek would not have been too unfamiliar with some of the health and fitness regimes that are used by people today. The word Regimen was used by t he Greeks to describe peoples lifestyles: from which can be derived the word regimented (as in organised). The Greek philosophy of Regimen covered what people ate, drank, the types and amount of exercise that they took and how much sleep they had. These ideas were very thorough: it demonstrates that the Greeks knew that lifestyle could affect the quality of life, as evidenced by their development and championing of the Olympics. Such is the quality of the remaining evidence that we can even see that doctors advice differed for those who were rich: and could therefore afford to spend time and money on relaxing, and those who worked or were poorer: and therefore couldnt maintain as healthy a lifestyle as possible many of which are still visible in places today (Kumar, 2007). In China, although it is not traditionally known as public health, but health practices were visible already during the early days. The earliest known work on Chinese herbs appeared as early as 100 B.C.E., the acu puncture and moxibution, both of which have been practiced as therapeutic techniques in China for more than 2,000 years, the Qi Gong, as an art of healing and health preservation, dates back to the Tang Yao period, some twenty centuries B.C.E. which is about dancing and body movements, and various ways of breathing, exhalation, and exclamation were recognized as ways to read-just some functions of the human body and treat diseases (Koenig et al, 2001). Public health problems are caused majority by diseases which are transmitted from one person to another. One example is tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was a very common problem all over the world until a good understanding of the disease helped scientists and doctors invent treatments. Less than 100 years ago, many famous people died from the disease, including artists, writers, philosophers, scientists, politicians and even some kings and queens. The history of diseases can be traced as early as the human existence. Paleopathology, the study of ancient diseases using fossils and other artifacts, reveals that early Homo sapiens, who were hunter-gatherers, suffered from essentially the same diseases that afflict people today for example, schistosomiasis, prevalent in Egypt today, has been found in Kidneys 3000 years old (Kloss and David, 2002) and skeletal remains show prehistoric humans (7000 BC) had TB (Hershkovitz et al, 2008), and tubercular decay has been found in the spines of mummi es from 3000-2400 BC (Zink et al, 2003). According to Rosen et al, (1993) the first clear accounts of acute communicable diseases occur in the literature of classical Greece such as the writings of Thucydides and Hippocrates. In Hippocratic collection several known diseases of today were already mentioned such as malarial fevers, colds, pneumonia, inflammation of the eyes, suggestive statements of the presence of cases of diphtheria (although not known yet as diphtheria) and other unknown diseases in those time. In the period of the Western European history from the fall of the West Roman Empire in the 5th to the 15th century is known as the middle ages (Dark ages) religion takes a firm hold on science (Koenig et al, 2001). During this time, the Western Europe experienced a period of social and political disintegration. Large cities disappeared, replaced by small villages surrounding the castles of feudal chiefs. The only unifying force was Christianity, and it was in the monasteries that the learning and culture of the Greco-Roman world was preserved. Furthermore, in many of these institutions, piped water supplies, sanitary sewers, privies, bathing facilities, and heating and ventilation were provided. In addition, some monasteries constructed hospices to shelter travellers and sick persons, though the medical care provided in them was primitive at best. In Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, however, feudalism did not exist, and medicine advanced and became centred in major secular hospitals e stablished in Byzantium, Baghdad, and Cairo (Conrad, 2006). The two most popular epidemics during the Middle Ages were Black Death and leprosy. Due to the specific environmental circumstances of medieval Europe and the religion of medieval people, these two epidemics had great social repercussions In early 1347, a fearful epidemic of bubonic plague broke out in Constantinople. From then on, this great plague would reach Europe and kill approximately from one-fourth to nine-tenths of the human population in the affected areas. Black Death or Plague from a modern medical point of view, it is a pneumonic type of an infection, highly contagious, which could be transmitted via inhalation, ingestion, or even slight abrasion of skin. Usually, lung lesions occur and death may occur from heart failure. The walls of blood vessels are attacked frequently causing haemorrhages and acute blood poisoning. It is fatal in almost all cases (Byrne, 2004). While leprosy spread in every civilized country in Europe during the Middle Ages. The Order of Lazarus was founded, and Lazarettoes built in a great numbers: the work and the purpose of the Order is to segregate and govern the afflicted and dangerous part of humanity. The disease was controlled through segregation and isolation of those who were afflicted of the disease (Rawcliffe, 2006), which is a very important concept of quarantine and isolation for the modern public health. Successes in prevention reinforce the concept that disease can be prevented through human action other than prayers and sacrifices to the gods, which in turn encourages additional attempts at prevention. By the 1600s, the practices of isolation and quarantine had begun to be employed to prevent the spread of certain diseases; by the 1800s these practices had become common in the American colonies. Methods of smallpox inoculation also began to be used and apparently mitigated some epidemics, even before Edward Jenners introduction of a safe vaccine based on cowpox virus (Schoenbach, 2000). In the early modern world, after about 1500, the West grew in wealth and world dominance, but it did not grow healthier. Infections that took a terrible toll on previously isolated societies, so-called virgin populations, became domesticated as world travel increased and urbanization progressed. Diseases that had been epidemic became endemic in urban centres (Brieger, 1999). During this period the development of crowded urban living, created the profoundest health problems. The contradiction between health and wealth of the nation was not lost. The promotion of fertility and personal hygiene education, the policing of sexually and socially transmitted diseases through policies of isolation and treatment and other major public health importance to the public health of modern time emerged during this period (Porter, 1994). In 1848, after studying a typhus epidemic, the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow stated that all epidemics had social causes-most typically poverty, hunger, and poor housing. Virchow believed that improving social conditions would have a positive effect on public health. This important early perspective plays a significant role in todays thinking about public health, especially when there are major health disparities among social classes within an individual society or between rich and poor countries (Open Collections Program, 2008). The period from 1750 until the mid-nineteenth century was characterized by unprecedented industrial, social, and political developments, and the resulting societal impacts were immense, culminating in the Industrial Revolution (Porter, 1994). In the modern public-health advocates emerged in response to the slum and desperate working conditions of nineteenth-century Europe and North America. In centres like New York, London and Berlin the struggle for proper sewerage, decent housing, clean water, factory inspectors, district health officers and a regime of food inspections was born (Remington (chairman), 1988). First major written contribution in the field of public health was in Germany, Between 1779-1816, Johann Peter Frank, a leading clinician, medical educator, and hospital administrator. Franks fame rests on his massive System einer vollstà ¤ndigen medizinischen Polizey (9 vol., 1779-1827; System of a Complete Medical Policy), which covers the hygiene of all stages of a mans life. He undertook to systematize all that was known on public health and to devise detailed codes of hygiene for enactment. He was among the first to urge international regulation of health problems, and he endorsed the notion of medical police, whereby one of the duties of the state was to protect the health of its citizens (Frank, 2008). On the other hand in England 1788, Jeremy Bentham in the hope of making a political career, he settled down to discovering the principles of legislation. The great work on which he had been engaged for many years, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, was published in 1789. In this book he defined the principle of utility as that property in any object whereby it tends to produce pleasure, good or happiness, or to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered. Mankind, he said, was governed by two sovereign motives, pain and pleasure; and the principle of utility recognized this state of affairs. The object of all legislation must be the greatest happiness of the greatest number. He deduced from the principle of utility that, since all punishment involves pain and is therefore evil, it ought only to be used so far as it promises to exclude some greater evil.(Bentham, 2008). Through Benthams work Chadwick was influenced to produce his famous work General Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842). As secretary of the royal commission on reform of the poor laws (1834-46), Chadwick was largely responsible for devising the system under whi ch the country was divided into groups of parishes administered by elected boards of guardians, each board with its own medical officer. Later, as commissioner of the Board of Health (1848-54), he conducted a campaign that culminated in passage of the Public Health Act of 1848. This legislation embodied his belief that public health should be administered locally so as to encourage the people to participate in their own protection (Chadwick, 2008). In1854. London was in the middle of an outbreak of cholera. At the time, Europeans did not know what caused cholera. People saw that a lot of people were getting sick and dying, and they ran away to other places hoping they would not get sick too. The discovery owing largely to the work of a mid-nineteenth-century English doctor named John Snow. He watched who was getting sick very carefully. He made a map and put a mark on the map for each person who had got sick and died (Steven, 2006). Cholera is caused by a comma-shaped bacterium-Vibrio cholerae-whose role was identified by the German physician Robert Koch in 1883. By far the most common route of infection is drinking contaminated water. And, since water comes to contain V. cholerae through the excrement of cholera victims, an outbreak of the disease is evidence that people have been drinking each others feces (Steven, 2006). The classic investigations on the transmission of cholera by John Snow in 1854 and other diseases such as typhoid fever by William Budd in 1834, and puerperal fever by Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847 led to understanding and the ability to reduce the spread of major infections and other studies and researches and give rise to the birth of epidemiology (Schoenbach, 2000) which is a very important field in the modern public health. Two major points can be drawn from historical perspective with the 19th century the dramatic advances in the effectiveness of public health  ­ the great sanitary awakening and the advent of bacteriology and the germ theory (Schoenbach, 2000). The rapid advances in the scientific knowledge about causes and prevention of numerous diseases brought tremendous changes in public health. Many major contagious diseases were brought under control through science applied in public health. The identification of bacteria and the development of interventions such as immunization and water purification techniques provided a means of controlling and preventing the spread of diseases (Remington (chairman), 1988).The advance in understanding of infectious disease that constituted the arrival of the bacteriologic era at the end of the century dramatically increased the effectiveness of public health action. In one dramatic example, mosquito control brought the number of yellow fever deaths in Havana from 305 to 6 in a single. Cholera, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis, the great scourges of humanity, rapidly came under control in the industrialized countries (Schoenbach, 2000). However, with the decline in severity of infectious disease came a rise in mental illnesses, drug addictions, chronic diseases, cancer, and injuries and health damage associated with industrial labour and new emergence of infectious diseases associated with lifestyle such as HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and re-emergence of diseases once thought defeated or least controlled like TB and malaria are back and have developed resistance to the drugs. Hospitals are today besieged by new forms of infection such as MRSA and C. dificiles that are resistant to most known antibiotics because of abuse and misuse of antibiotics. The changing demographic profile of the country such as increasing over 65 years population, the financial, health and care cost and provisions, ethnicity, diversity, the natural environment including source of water, types of food, clean air, different philosophies about animal use in research, technological advances such as bio-engineering, genetic engineering and human embryonic technology adds to the challenges of the modern public health. Over the course of history such as the Sanitary movement of the nineteenth century and the development of bacteriology substantially lowered death rates from enteric diseases and other serious health problems still existed (House of Commons). Despite remarkable success in lowering deaths from typhoid, diphtheria, and other contagious diseases, considerable disability continuous to exist in the population. It also became clear that diseases, even for treatment was available, still predominantly affected urban poor (Remington (chairman), 1988). In the Twentieth Century, health, as measured by life expectancy, has improved for the population of Britain to a remarkable extent. Life expectancy in England and Wales has increased from 52 years for men and 55 years for women in 1910, to 74 years and 79 years respectively in 1994. Over the same period infant mortality has fallen from around 105 per thousand to six per thousand. Over the past twenty years, overall mortality rates have continue d to decrease. However, health indicators such as mortality and morbidity rates have not improved at the same rates for everyone, with the result that health gap between the healthiest groups and the least healthy groups has now widened and is widening further (House of Commons, 2001). Health inequalities between develop countries and developing countries still exist at this modern time. Concern about health inequalities and other distributional aspects (disparity) of health status and service use has enjoyed varying degrees of attention over the years. During the 1970s and early 1980s, distributional concerns (i.e. a concern for about the health status of different socio-economic groups within society as distinct from the overall societal average) were dominant in thought about international health. These concerns then receded for about a decade, from around the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, as attention turned from equity to efficiency. Now, the pendulum has begun to swing back, and distributional concerns are on the rise (Gwatkin, 2002). Those who are most vulnerable to evolving health crises tend to be the poor and marginalized who already suffer from numerous inequities and lack of opportunities. Another striking example of the disparity in emerging health issues is found in environmental health. While the industrialized world, representing 15% of the worlds population, consumes more than 60% of world energy, the developing world shoulders the greater health burden from modern environmental hazards. According to the World Health Organization, more than 40% of the total disease burden (in disability adjusted life years lost DALYs) due to urban air pollution occurs in developing countries. Children are especially vulnerable to chemical, physical and biological hazards in their environments because they are in a very active growth stage and the ability of their bodies to detoxify is not fully developed (Global Health Council, 2008). Despite progress over the last decades, health conditions in many developing countries are still unsatisfactory and, in most instances, health outcomes in these economies remain below those attained in the developed countries, with a significant share of the populations suffering from reventable and/or easily treatable diseases. To a large extent, global inequalities in health outcomes eflect the enormous socio-economic disparities that exist between rich and poor countries. Simultaneously, inequalities in health outcomes are prevalent between or among different socio-economic, ethnic, racial, cultural groups in a country: for example, between male and female, between urban and rural populations, between rich and poor groups, the old and the young, etc. (CDP Working Group on Global Public Health, 2009) The world is entering a new era in which, paradoxically, improvements in some health indicators and major reversals in other indicators are occurring simultaneously. Rapid changes in an already complex global health situation are taking place in a context in which the global public-health workforce is unprepared to confront these challenges (Beaglehole et al, 2004). Modern technologies give rise to modern public health problems such as high rates of occupational diseases and industrial injuries led to programs for industrial hygiene and occupational health. Mental health (stress and depression) was identified as a public health issue, and specific nutritional deficiencies were recognized as risk factors for a spectrum of diseases and other health nutritional related diseases such as obesity and malnutrition. The urban development patterns and global trade policies have had a direct impact on the emergence of preventable injuries and tobacco use as major public health threats. In 2000, unintentional injuries (e.g. road traffic injuries and poisoning) and intentional injuries (e.g. interpersonal violence and war) accounted for 9% of the world deaths and 12% of the global burden of disease and according to WHOs Tobacco Free Initiative, tobacco use accounted for 6% of the world deaths in 1990; however, if current use patterns persist, deaths due to tobacco use are expected to increase to 18% by the year 2020 (Global health Council, 2008). Another modern public health issue is the concept of Drug abuse is a major public health problem that impacts society on multiple levels. Directly or indirectly, every community is affected by drug abuse and addiction, as is every family. Drugs take a tremendous toll on our society at many levels (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2008) and the problem of infectious diseases is another issue of present public health. According to the World Health Organizations 2004 World Health Report, infectious diseases accounted for about 26 percent of the 57 million deaths worldwide in 2002. Collectively, infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death globally, following cardiovascular disease, but among young people (those under the age of 50) infections are overwhelmingly the leading cause of death. In addition, infectious diseases account for nearly 30 percent of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which reflect the number of healthy years lost to illness. Todays infectious diseases can be a newly emerging disease, is a disease that has never been recognized before, such as HIV/AIDS is a newly emerging disease, as is severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Nipah virus encephalitis, and variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease while Re-emerging, or resurging, diseases are those that have been around for decades or centuries, but have come back in a different form or a different location. Examples are West Nile virus in the Western hemisphere, monkeypox in the United States, and dengue rebounding in B razil and other parts of South America and working its way into the Caribbean. Deliberately emerging diseases are those that are intentionally introduced. These are agents of bioterror, the most recent and important example of which is anthrax. Newly emerging, re-emerging, and deliberately emerging diseases are all treated much the same way from a public health and scientific standpoint (Fauci, 2006). Conclusion To tackle the major global health challenges effectively, the practice of public health will need to change. It is not sufficient to focus only on urgent health priorities, for example, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in Africa, or the narrowly focused Millennium Development Goals. Programmes and policies are required that respond to poverty-the basic cause of much of the global burden of disease-prevent the emerging epidemics of non-communicable disease, and address global environmental change, natural, and man-made disasters, and the need for sustainable health development. The justification for action is that health is both an end in itself-a human right-as well as a prerequisite for human development (Beaglehole et al, 2004) and it is important to recognised the potential value of historical research for studying health services and for influencing health care policy. Responsibility for the lack of use of history in formulating policy lies both with policy-makers and historia ns. History can help them realize the constraints they face and help them plan accordingly, a situation well expressed by Antonio Gramsci in the 1920s: man can affect his own development and that of his surroundings only so far as he has a clear view of what the possibilities of action open to him are. To do this he has to understand the historical situation in which he finds himself: and once he does this, then he can play an active part in modifying that situation. historys contribution complements those from other disciplines. It has an additional unique role. It can help policy-makers understand the limitations they inevitably face and, in doing so, can help them maintain realistic expectations. Carefully formulated policies to shape the future are always going