Abe Lincoln Research Paper - 1734 Words

Abraham Lincoln was considered by many American’s as one of the greatest Presidents of the United States. Having come from humble beginnings it could be said that Abraham Lincoln rose up to meet all the challenges that would greet him, and it could be argued that at the time the only person who could successfully guide the United States through the Civil War was Abraham Lincoln. At the time of his presidency, the United States was falling apart, with the South trying to secede from the North, creating much chaos that Lincoln had to deal with. He worked slowly and throughly, which sometimes got people agitated but he was a very careful working man and knew that it was better if he took his time. Abraham Lincoln was not†¦show more content†¦2 Lincoln felt as though African Americans were not equal to the white people, but he believed that all men were created with certain rights. In 1857, the Supreme Court issued its controversial decision Scott v. Sanford, declarin g African Americans were not citizens and had no inherent rights. 3 This act influenced Lincoln to stand up and speak out to what he thought was right and wrong, and in 1860, Abe Lincoln became the President of the United States. Lincoln stands out as a great war president, probably the greatest in our history, and a great natural strategist, a better one than any of his generals. 4 Lincoln was not a natural strategist, he worked hard to master the subject, just as he had done to learn how to read and study to become a lawyer, nothing came easy to him and he had to work hard to achieve whatever he wanted. He had no time to prepare becoming commander in chief, he had to learn it on the job. Tried By War showed the dilemmas Lincoln had to overcome like, generals disobeying orders, and the south trying to secede from the north. Lincoln wasn’t a master of war, and did a lot of studying to help him become a great commander in chief. Tried By War tells us how Lincoln had to gradually overcome the slave issue because if he abolished slavery all at once, he would lose many of the border states that had slaves, but were on the Union side.Show MoreRelatedThe Views Of Abraham Lincoln1147 Words   |  5 Pagesrecent myth that has developed is the theory that Abraham Lincoln was homosexual. This myth came to light in 1999 when Larry Kramer, the founding member of the Gay Men’s Health Crisis, made the statement that Lincoln was homosexual and backed up his statement with diary excerpts from Lincoln’s bunkmate’s Diary. The excerpts read: He often kisses me when I tease him, often to shut me up†¦ He would grab me in his long arms and hug and hug†¦ our Abe is like a school girl† (Steers 126). Kramer also made aRead MoreLincoln s Representation Of Lincoln1640 Words   |  7 Pagesscant amount of research on how Abraham Lincoln has been illustrated in motion pictures. Yet, movies have a dominant clout on how Lincolnâ€℠¢s images has been established in American popular culture. Movies such as Birth of a Nation, Young Mr. Lincoln, Abe Lincoln in Illinois, and Lincoln have given audiences different glimpses of the sixteenth president. The legend of Lincoln has been created and altered in film in oder to create a hero to fit the times. This paper will focus on â€Å"Lincoln† films overRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The President That Held Our Nation Together1017 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Abraham Lincoln. The president that held our nation together. Lincoln’s early life. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Hardin County Kentucky, to his parents Thomas Lincoln, and mother Nancy Lincoln. They moved around and eventually settled in the back-woods of Indiana. They lived in a small cabin in the back-country of Indiana. As said by biography.com, â€Å"where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crudeRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln2587 Words   |  11 Pages Acknowledgement May the life lived and the lessons taught by Abraham Lincoln teach us in makeing the world more prosperous. Abraham Lincoln has always been role model for me. It was a great experience to discover him and his life. This research paper was completed with support and help of my professor Christopher Schroeder. I also like to appreciate the academic institutes like Harper College and Rochester Institute of Technology which proved to be very resourceful. I would like to thank my parentsRead MoreThe Views On Lincoln s Presidency1738 Words   |  7 PagesSome authors (Dirck, Guelzo, Striner) portray Lincoln as the great emancipator in depicting him as a crusader whose main purpose during the Civil War was only to accomplish the abolishment of slavery. In contrast, some authors (Escott, Gates, Foner, and McPherson) maintain a more critical stance on Lincoln’s decision to abolish slavery citing that his main goal was solely to preserve the Union and not out of a personal resentment towards slavery. This paper will examine these two divergent narrativesRead MoreJiayun1132 Words   |  5 PagesAnn Li May 5, 2013 Social Study Research Paper Ms. Yassin Abraham Lincoln On February 12, 1809, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of United States came into the world in a poor family in Hardin County, Kentucky. When Lincoln was born, he was given his paternal grandfathers name. His father, Thomas Lincoln was a farmer and shoemaker with only a little amount of knowledge. However, Abrahams father gained respect of the community because he purchased his own land twice. His religious beliefsRead MorePresident Lincoln As A Visionary Leader1197 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Imagine how the state of the world will be today without the leadership of the United States of America to police the world. Think about Iraq during Saddam Hussein’s regime, Libya during Arafat’s regime and the behaviors like Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Had it not been the vision of Abraham Lincoln to preserve the Union, there would not have been a strong unified United States today. President Abraham Lincoln was a visionary leader and an ethical leader when leadingRead MoreUnderstanding And Teaching Informational Writing1557 Words   |  7 Pagesf. Presidents Day (George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and the current President) Introduction As has been meticulously and methodically discussed throughout my time in the College of Education, an effective and teacher should possess solid knowledge over all subject matter, the specific pedagogy of the grade level that they are teaching, and how to apply what their students learn and need while considering up to date research and theory. This paper will demonstrate the knowledge that I possessRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1542 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Who was the Greatest President that ever lived! Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was a very well respected man at an early age. He worked hard most of his life and worked hard in law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a president, Lincoln’sRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1564 Words   |  7 Pages Abraham Lincoln Research Paper During the Civil War, was Abraham Lincoln the cause or the cure? Abraham Lincoln, the man that hit right path toward life while earning respect. He worked hard most of his life and at law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a president

The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 1169 Words

According to yourdictionary.com, historical fiction is defined as movies or books that have stories that are made up, but are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of setting, conflict, and characterization in this Vietnam set historical novel. Tim O Brien recreated the setting of the Vietnam War through the description of the draft notice, war battle location, and a movie title from that time period. â€Å"The draft notice arrived on June 17, 1968† (O Brien 39). The Vietnam War is happening when Tim gets a draft notice to enter the war, but he doesn’t want to enter that way because he doesn’t believe that it’s a war that should involve the United States. The Vietnam War with â€Å"U.S. involvement reached its peak in 1968-1969†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Vietnam†). O Brien describes a location in Vietnam that he was at and is near the South China Sea. â€Å"... took fire from a filthy little village along the South China Sea† (O Brien 213). Tim is near the South China Sea when he and his team took fire from a village along it. Vietnam is next to the South ChinaShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and trau matic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Veterans. Both sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. As told in The Things They Carried (O’Brien), characters such as NormanRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme pertains to everyone regardless of their background. It conveys the same ideas to people from all across our society. Lastly, a classic is timeless, which means it has transcended the time in which it was written. In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, he offers a new, intriguing way to view war or just life in general and also meets all of the crucial requirements mentioned above to qualify it as a book of literary canon. Though this book is technically a war novel, many peopleRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first pa rt of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross only holds onto one thing for hope and that is Martha, the woman who he hopes is a virgin to come back to. Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of survival since, the powers of s torytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the abilityRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –Read MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesVery few novels and short stories have managed to clarify, in any lasting process, the means of the war in Vietnam for America and for the troopers who served there. With The Things They Carried, author (Tim O’Brien), captures the war s pulsing rhythms and trying dangers. However he goes abundant any. By moving on the far side the horror of the fighti ng to look at with sensitivity and insight the character of affection, courageousness and worry, by questioning the role that imagination plays

King Lear Important Quotes and Summaries free essay sample

KING LEAR ACT I Act I, sc. i: quote: â€Å"Fairest Cordelia, that art most rich, being poor; Most choice, forsaken; and most loved, despised! † speaker: King of France to Cordelia analysis: King Lear has disowned his youngest daughter because she did not express in words how much she loved him. When Burgundy and the King of France come to claim her as their love, Lear tells the she is worthless, and ask if they still would want her, Burgundy doesnt but the King of France does. Act I, sc. ii: quote: â€Å"Thou, nature, art my goddess; to thy law My services are bound. Wherefore should I Stand in the plague of custom, and permit The curiosity of nations to deprive me, For that I am some twelve or fourteen moonshines Lag of a brother? Why bastard? wherefore base? †¦ Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land. Our father’s love is to the bastard Edmund As to the legitimate. Fine word—â€Å"legitimate†! Well, my legitimate, if this letter speed, And my invention thrive, Edmund the base Shall top the legitimate. I grow; I prosper. Now, gods, stand up for bastards! † speaker: Edmund soliloquy nalysis: Edmund is devising a plan to make his father turn on the true heir of the land, Edgar. He wants the land to himself. Act I, sc. iv: quote: â€Å"I would learn that; for, by the marks of sovereignty, knowledge, and reason, I should be false persuaded I had daughters. † speaker: King Lear to Goneril analysis: Lears daughters are turning against him. He was residing with his daughter Goneril doesnt like the fact the Lear has 100 knights parading around him, that Lear is acting like he is still in charge, though retired, and she makes her thoughts known to him. He cant believe that he thought he had daughters who loved him. ACT II Act II, sc. i: quote: â€Å"The duke be here to-night? The better! Best! This weaves itself perforce into my business. My father hath set guard to take my brother; And I have one thing, of a queasy question, Which I must act: briefness and fortune, work! Brother, a word; descend: brother, I say! † speaker: Edmund analysis: Edmund hears Regan and Cornwall will be coming, and is excited that he can add them to his plan to get rid of Edgar. Act II, sc. ii: uote: â€Å"Let me beseech your grace not to do so: His fault is much, and the good king his master Will cheque him for t: your purposed low correction Is such as basest and contemnedst wretches For pilferings and most common trespasses Are punishd with: the king must take it ill, That hes so slightly valued in his messenger, Should have him thus restraind. † speaker: Gloucester analysis: Kent is being punished for attacked Oswald. He is loyal to Lear , and to be put into one of Lears own humiliating devices seems fit for punishment. Gloucester does not think it is right to use this form of punishment, and here he is objecting to it, but the others agree it is fit. Act II, sc. iv: quote: â€Å"I prithee, daughter, do not make me mad: I will not trouble thee, my child; farewell: Well no more meet, no more see one another: But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter; Or rather a disease thats in my flesh, Which I must needs call mine: thou art a boil, A plague-sore, an embossed carbuncle, In my corrupted blood. But Ill not chide thee; Let shame come when it will, I do not call it: I do not bid the thunder-bearer shoot, Nor tell tales of thee to high-judging Jove: Mend when thou canst; be better at thy leisure: I can be patient; I can stay with Regan, I and my hundred knights. † speaker: King Lear to Goneril analysis: Lear is starting to see how his daughters have betrayed him, but doesnt want to believe it. He is in shock, and when Goneril denies him the right to stay with her, he believes Regan will allow him and his hundred knights to stay with her, though she refuses. He doesnt understand what is going on and why he deserves this. ACT III Act III, sc. ii: quote: â€Å"My wits begin to turn. Come on, my boy: how dost, my boy? art cold? I am cold myself. Where is this straw, my fellow? The art of our necessities is strange, That can make vile things precious. Come, your hovel. Poor fool and knave, I have one part in my heart Thats sorry yet for thee. † speaker: King Lear to Fool analysis: Lear, after starting to realize he is going mad, also starts to feel sympathy for others. This is a first for the King to feel sorry for others, and it surprises them. Act III, sc. iv: quote: â€Å"Poor naked wretches, wheresoer you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm, How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides, Your loopd and windowd raggedness, defend you From seasons such as these? O, I have taen Too little care of this! Take physic, pomp; Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel, That thou mayst shake the superflux to them, And show the heavens more just. † speaker: King Lear, praying analysis: Lear is sitting outside of shelter in the storm, praying for those who are poor and are like him out in the horrible weather. He feels terrible for not having taken care of those people while in power, and hopes that by feeling the way they feel will help ease his soul. Act III, sc. vi: quote: â€Å"When we our betters see bearing our woes, We scarcely think our miseries our foes. Who alone suffers suffers most i the mind, Leaving free things and happy shows behind: But then the mind much sufferance doth oer skip, When grief hath mates, and bearing fellowship. How light and portable my pain seems now, When that which makes me bend makes the king bow, He childed as I fatherd! Tom, away! Mark the high noises; and thyself bewray, When false opinion, whose wrong thought defiles thee, In thy just proof, repeals and reconciles thee. What will hap more to-night, safe scape the king! Lurk, lurk. † speaker: Edgar analysis: After pretending to be crazy and seeing that Lear was not faking it, he sees how worse off other are than he is. Act III, sc. vii: quote: â€Å"Out, treacherous villain! Thou callst on him that hates thee: it was he That made the overture of thy treasons to us; Who is too good to pity thee. † speaker: Regan to Gloucester analysis: As Gloucester is calling to his son Edmund for help, Regan reveals that it was Edmund who betrayed him. ACT IV Act IV, sc. i: quote: â€Å"As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods; They kill us for their sport. † speaker: Gloucester analysis: Gloucester is seeing for the first time that though a nobleman he was treated like a fly to a wanton boy. Beaten and blinded, the gods were not there to help him. Wishes to only be able to feel his true son Edgar. Act IV, sc. ii: quote: â€Å"See thyself, devil! Proper deformity seems not in the fiend So horrid as in woman. † speaker: Albany to Goneril analysis: Albany is seeing how horrid the two daughters are acting, wanting to kill Lear, attack the French and by blinding Gloucester. He is appalled by how evil they are. Act IV, sc. vi: quote: â€Å"A sight most pitiful in the meanest wretch, Past speaking of in a king! Thou hast one daughter, Who redeems nature from the general curse Which twain have brought her to. † speaker: Gentleman to King Lear analysis: Lears daughter, Cordelia, is looking for her father. He is crazy, but her men will not stop till they get him. She wants to help him, and does not like how her sisters have treated him. He is embarrassed by the way he treated her, but the men try to tell him she only wants to help him. Act IV, sc. vii: quote: â€Å"O my dear father! Restoration hang Thy medicine on my lips; and let this kiss Repair those violent harms that my two sisters Have in thy reverence made! † speaker: Cordelia analysis: Though her father disowned her and considered her worthless to him, she still cares for him, and hopes that he can get better and heal from the wounds his other two sisters have left. ACT V Act V, sc. i: quote: â€Å"To both these sisters have I sworn my love; Each jealous of the other, as the stung Are of the adder. Which of them shall I take? Both? one? or neither? Neither can be enjoyd, If both remain alive: to take the widow Exasperates, makes mad her sister Goneril; And hardly shall I carry out my side, Her husband being alive. Now then well use His countenance for the battle; which being done, Let her who would be rid of him devise His speedy taking off. As for the mercy Which he intends to Lear and to Cordelia, The battle done, and they within our power, Shall never see his pardon; for my state Stands on me to defend, not to debate. † speaker: Edmund analysis: Edmund has told both sisters he loves them. He cannot decide what to do, but if Albany survives, Goneril can kill him herself. He plans on winning and not giving Lear or Cordelia any mercy. Act V, sc. iii: quote: â€Å"Howl, howl, howl, howl! O, you are men of stones: Had I your tongues and eyes, I’d use them so That heaven’s vault should crack. She’s gone forever! I know when one is dead, and when one lives; She’s dead as earth. † speaker: King Lear analysis: While everything seems to be ending with good fortune, Lear arrives with Cordelia dead in his arms. There is no justice as to why she died, and Lear is left begging for death. Source: Full Text Script of the Play King Lear by William Shakespeare. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. Web. 31 July 2011.

Prostate Cancer Essays - Prostate Cancer, RTT, Histopathology

Prostate Cancer Prostate cancer is a common form of cancer that has affected most every man whether he knows it or not. There are many factors and risks that can lead to this deadly cancer. With the help of highly trained docters,fatalities can be can be lowered,yet sometimes things still happen. Prostate cancer is the cancer of the male reproductive organ.The prostate make prosthetic fluid.The prostate also forms semen,but the most important function of the prostate is to regulate the acidity of the semen. Cancer is the collection of abnormal cells that have forgotten how to die. Cancer cells unlike normal cells can not die. One way to find out if you have the cancer or if you do not have the cancer is called a prostate exam. The exam is basically a feel of the back wall of the prostate gland. What the doctor is trying to feel for is any hard nodules, lumps or irregularities. You shouldn't have to have a annual exam, but it just depends how experienced your doctor is. If the doctor finds an irregularity, u shouldn't wait for it to change. When you are a child your prostate is about the size of a pea.The body begins to make large amounts of male hormones during puberty causing the prostate to grow rapidly.About ninety five percent of the hormone is produced by the testicles.Once your prostate has reached normal size it stops growing until u have reached your sixties or seventys.This slow increase leads to the condition called bengign prosthetic hyperplasia.This is rarely a threat to your health ,but it can me extremely uncomfortable. There are many stages of prostate cancer,early stages and late stages.The classic stages are A,B,C and D. The a stage consist of cancer found incidentally or because of elevated PSA. The b stage of cancer is made up of cancer found because of abnormal digital rectal exam; cancer confined to prostate. The C cancer is cancer spread to tissues outside of the prostate. Finally the D cancer is cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or the bone. It is better to have one degree than the other.?It is always better to have a smallvolume,low grade tumor than a lager,high-grade cancer?says Dr. Sheldon Marks book Prostate and Cancer. There is a unique feature of cancer cells. Cancer cells have the ability to detach theirselves from their original site and move to other parts of the body.This is a process that is just recently beginning to be understood. Under normal circumstances prostate cell is confined to the prostate,but when the cell becomes cancerous it is able to leave its birthplace and take up residence in other parts of the body. ?This ability to shed celled and establish satellite or daughter cancer colonies in other parts of the body is known as the process of metastasis? says Dr.Marc B. Garnick's book The Patients Guide to Prostate Cancer. As I just discussed cancer cell have the potential to spread throughout the body. When prostate cancer is in early stages it is confined within the prostate. It is in these early stages when prostate cancer is curable. As the cancer grows it heads towards the edge of the prostate. If it has enough time it can grow through the outer edge of the prostate . This is called the prostate capsule.? This is known as ?extra capsular extension? says Dr.Kent Wallner's book Prostate Cancer. Prostate cancer is either curable or incurable. The way you can tell if the cancer is curable is if the cancer is still confined . If the cancer is still confined in the ate it is considered curable. Prostate cancer that has metastasized to the lymph nodes or to the bones is considered incurable. This means if the cancer has spread outside the prostate and infected these parts it is incurable. There are six major treatments for curing prostate cancer. The first treatment is called cryosurgery. Cryosurgery is the freezing of the prostate gland. The second major treatment is seed implantation. This is simply placing radioactive seeds in the prostate gland. The third major treatment is hypothermia. Hypothermia is when heat is applied to the prostate gland,and this will shrink the cancer. This will eventually destroy the cancer. The fourth major treatment is Radical prostatectomy. This is the sergical removel of the cancerous prostate gland. The fifth mahor treatment is called external beam radiation therapy. This is when the prostate is shot at by beams of focused x-rays. The purpose of this is to shrink the cancer infected cells. The sixth and last major treatment is the Bilateral orchiectomy. This is the surgical removel of the testes